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I need someone to help me with my lab report Here is all the Data and I will send my documents through student support. Experiment 4 Refractive Index

May 31, 2024

I need someone to help me with my lab report Here is all the Data and I will send my documents through student support.

Experiment 4 Refractive Index Observations

**************************************

all solutions tested were clear and colorless

temperature at time of readings = 22 C (must do a temp. correction on all readings)

Refractive Index readings =

Fraction 1 1.4340

Fraction 2 1.4645

Fraction 3 1.4856

nD @ 22 C for Exp. 3A Impure cyclohexanol = 1.4693

nD @ 22 C for Exp. 3B Cyclohexane/Toluene 50:50 mixt. = 1.4611

Experiment 5 Separations Observations

*********************************

Part A Extraction of Org Acid and Org Base

Unknown Used = Unknown 350.5.A

Appearance = grayish yellow powder

Mass of Unknown used = 3.00 g

(assume it is a 1:1:1 mixture of organic acid: organic base: neutral)

dichloromethane (DCM) = clear and colorless liquid

DCM + Unknown = clear and yellow colored

Extraction of the Organic Acid

Unknown 350.5.A dissolved in DCM + 5% NaOH – two layers in sep funnel

(top layer is aqueous layer, bottom layer is organic layer)

both layers clear, bottom layer yellow colored

total volume of 5% NaOH used for extr’n= 2 x 20 mL

Washing the Aqueous 5% NaOH Layer with fresh dichloromethane (DCM)

dichloromethane (DCM) – clear and colorless liquid

DCM + 5% NaOH sol’n – two layers both clear and colorless liquids

Extraction of the Organic Base

Remaining Unknown dissolved in DCM (yellow) + 1.5M HCl – two layers in sep funnel

(top layer is aqueous layer, bottom layer is organic layer)

both layers clear, top layer initially colorless, bottom layer yellow colored

After extraction and separation yellow color moved to upper layer

total volume of 1.5 M HCl used for extr’n= 2 x 20 mL

Washing the Aqueous 1.5 M HCl Layer with fresh DCM

dichloromethane (DCM) – clear and colorless liquid

DCM + 1.5 M HCl sol’n – two layers both clear and colorless liquids

Part B Isolation of Org Acid

volume of combined 5% NaOH extract = ~40 mL

appearance of combined 5% NaOH – slightly cloudy, colorless solution

5% NaOH + conc HCl- solution goes cloudy white

volume of conc HCl added= ~5 mL

5% NaOH + conc HCl- solution goes cloudy white with a precipitate

appearance of crude organic acid = white powder

Org. Acid Recrystallization Observations

solvent used = distilled water

volume of solvent used = 30 mL

appearance of final purified organic acid = white shiny crystals

Part C Isolation of Org. Base

volume of combined 1.5 M HCl extract = ~30 mL

appearance of combined 1.5 M HCl – slightly cloudy, yellow colored solution

1.5 M HCl + 6M NaOH- solution goes cloudy yellow

volume of 6M NaOH added= ~12 mL

1.5 M HCl + 6M NaOH- solution goes cloudy yellow with a precipitate

appearance of crude organic base = yellow powder

Org. Base Recrystallization Observations

solvent used = hexanes

volume of solvent used = 10

appearance of final purified organic base = yellow needles

Part B Isolation of Organic Acid

appearance of combined 5% NaOH – v.slightly cloudy, yellow colored solution

total volume of 5% NaOH used for extr’n= 2 x 20 mL = 40 mL

Unknown dissolved in DCM + 5% NaOH – two layers in sep funnel

(top layer is aqueous layer, bottom layer is organic layer) both layers yellow colored

Washing the Aqueous 5% NaOH layer with fresh DCM

dichloromethane (DCM) – clear and yellow liquid

DCM + 5% NaOH sol’n – two layers both clear, colored yellow

5% NaOH + conc HCl (on ice)- solution goes cloudy white,with mixing the precipitate

redissolved

Kept adding conc.HCl until precipitate remained and checked pH. pH =1 (red) using universal

indicator paper

volume of conc (12M) HCl added= ~5 mL

5% NaOH + conc HCl- solution goes cloudy white with a precipitate

appearance of crude organic acid = white powder

Recrystallized Unknown Organic Acid Yield = 0.98 g

Appearance of Unknown Acid = white needles and flakes

mp of Unknown Acid = 120-121 C

mixed mp of Unknown Acid + 2-methylbenzoic acid = 108-114 C

mixed mp of Unknown Acid + benzoic acid = 119-121C

ID of Unknown Organic Acid = benzoic acid

Part C Isolation of Organic Base

Extraction of the Organic Base

Unknown dissolved in DCM + 1.5M HCl – two layers in separatory funnel

(top layer is aqueous layer, bottom layer is organic layer)

both layers clear, bottom layer slightly colored yellow

total volume of 1.5 M HCl used for extraction= 2 x 20 mL

Washing the Aqueous 1.5 M HCl Layer with fresh DCM

dichloromethane (DCM) – clear and colorless liquid

DCM + 1.5 M HCl sol’n – two layers both clear and colored yellow

volume of combined 1.5 M HCl extract = ~30 mL

appearance of combined 1.5 M HCl – slightly cloudy, colored solution

1.5 M HCl + 6M NaOH- solution goes cloudy yellow

volume of 6M NaOH added= ~12 mL

1.5 M HCl + 6M NaOH- solution goes cloudy white with a precipitate

appearance of crude organic base = yellow powder

Recrystallized Unknown Organic Base Yield = 0.82 g

Appearance of Unknown Base = yellow needles

mp of Unknown Base = 110-112 C

mixed mp of Unknown Base + 3-nitroaniline = 110-112 C

mixed mp of Unknown Base + 4-chloroaniline = 78-85 C

ID of Unknown Organic Base = 3-nitroaniline

Part D Isolation of Neutral Compound (TA DEMO)

DCM solution + neutral hydrocarbon (naphthalene) = cloudy solution

Wash DCM layer with two 20-mL aliquots of distilled water.

Dry the DCM in a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask by adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate

used 3 scoops of drying agent. clear colorless solution above fine precipitate on bottom of flask

Filter off the drying agent (gravity filtration) -white powder on filter paper, filtrate is clear and

colorless

Evaporate off the dichloromethane using the rotary evaporator

(solvent removed is clear and colorless) Crude off white colored naphthalene remaining in round

bottom flask

Sublimation process yields shiny translucent white flasks of naphthalene.

melting point of pure naphthalene = not determined (demo)

yield of naphthalene = not determined (demo)

Experiment 6 Functional Group Test Observations

******************************************

Appearance of pentane -clear and colorless liquid

Appearance of cyclohexene -clear and colorless liquid, strong odor

Appearance of phenyl acetylene -clear and colorless liquid

Appearance of biphenyl -clear and colorless liquid

Appearance of toluene -clear and colorless liquid

Test Observations:

Pentane

Bromine-no immediate reaction (rxn) . aft.1h-acidic gas+++

Baeyer -no rxn. purple colour stayed

Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate -no rxn.

Sulfuric Acid-no rxn.

Cyclohexene

Bromine-orange color fades, goes pale yellow immediately

Baeyer -purple colour fades gradually

Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate -no rxn.

Sulfuric Acid- goes yellow immediately

Phenylacetylene

Bromine-orange color fades, goes pale yellow immediately

Baeyer -purple colour fades gradually

Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate -whitish brown precipitate forms immediately.

Sulfuric Acid- goes dark brown immediately, gas + heat produced

Biphenyl

Bromine-stays orange, no rxn

Baeyer -stays purple, no rxn

Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate -stays clear, no reaction

Sulfuric Acid- stays clear, no rxn

Toluene

Bromine-no immed. rxn. 2 layers color lost from top layer aft 1 hour in light

Baeyer-2 layers, no rxn

Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate-2 layers, no rxn

Sulfuric Acid – clear two layers, no rxn

Part B for Experiment 6 there are the 20+ unknown Infrared Spectra. Choose any 4 to submit

for marking.

username = auchem350 password = reaction

Chemistry

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